Periodic Table of Elements
Element Promethium - Pm
Comprehensive data on the chemical element Promethium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Promethium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.
Promethium Menu
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Overview of Promethium
- Atomic Number: 61
- Period: 6
- Series: Lanthanides
Promethium's Name in Other Languages
- Latin: Promethium
- Czech: Promethium
- Croatian: Prometij
- French: Promethium
- German: Promethium - s
- Italian: Prometio
- Norwegian: Promethium
- Portuguese: Promécio
- Russian: Прометий
- Spanish: Promécio
- Swedish: Prometium
Atomic Structure of Promethium
- Atomic Radius: 2.62Å
- Atomic Volume: 22.39cm3/mol
- Covalent Radius: 1.63Å
- Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σa/barns: 168.4
- Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
- Electron Configuration:
- 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d10f5 5s2p6 6s2
- Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,23,8,2
- Ionic Radius: 0.979Å
- Filling Orbital: 4f5
- Number of Electrons (with no charge): 61
- Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 84
- Number of Protons: 61
- Oxidation States: 3
- Valence Electrons: 4f5 6s2
- Electron Dot Model
- Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Promethium
- Electrochemical Equivalent: 1.8022g/amp-hr
- Electron Work Function:
- Electronegativity: 1.13 (Pauling); 1.07 (Allrod Rochow)
- Heat of Fusion: 86.7kJ/mol
- Incompatibilities:
- Ionization Potential
- Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 44.1
Physical Properties of Promethium
- Atomic Mass Average: 145
- Boiling Point: 3785K 3512°C 6354°F
- Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 16E-6
- Conductivity
- Electrical:
Thermal: 0.179 W/cmK
- Electrical:
- Density: 7.3g/cc @ 300K
- Description:
- A radioactive rare earth metal that only occurs in extremely small trace amounts in uranium ores.
- Elastic Modulus:
- Bulk: 33/GPa
- Rigidity: 18/GPa
- Youngs: 46/GPa
- Enthalpy of Atomization: 310 kJ/mole @ 25°C
- Enthalpy of Fusion: 7.5 kJ/mole
- Flammablity Class:
- Freezing Point: see melting point
- Heat of Vaporization: kJ/mol
- Melting Point: 1204K 931°C 1708°F
- Molar Volume: 19.95 cm3/mole
- Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
- Specific Heat: 0.18J/gK
Regulatory / Health
- CAS Number
- 7440-12-2
- NFPA 704
- Health:
- Fire:
- Reactivity:
- Special Hazard: Radioactive<
- OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
- No limits set by OSHA
- OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
- No limits set by OSHA
- NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
- No limits set by NIOSH
- Levels In Humans:
Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.- Blood/mg dm-3: nil
- Bone/p.p.m: nil
- Liver/p.p.m: nil
- Muscle/p.p.m: nil
- Daily Dietary Intake: nil
- Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: nil
Who / Where / When / How
- Discoverer: J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell
- Discovery Location: Oak Ridge Tennessee United States
- Discovery Year: 1945
- Name Origin:
- From Prometheus who stole the fire of the sky and gave it to mankind.
- Abundance of Promethium:
- Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: N/A
- Seawater/p.p.m.: nil
- Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
- Sun (Relative to H=1E12): N/A
- Sources of Promethium:
- All the promethium originally present when the Earth formed has disappeared due to radioactive decay. Only very small trace amounts are found in uranium ores as a fission product. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium. All commercially used promethium comes from nuclear reactors.
- Uses of Promethium:
- Used in highly specialized miniature batteries (e.g. in satellites).
- Additional Notes:
- Promethium is never normally encountered beyond a laboratory or the nuclear industry.
Promethium Menu
- Promethium Page One
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References
A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.
Related Resources
- Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms. - Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality. - Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations. - Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
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